 LANGUAGES |
With more than 300 ethnycies registered in DRC the number of languages listed is 221, a natural and cultural diversity to explore.
A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - R - S - T - V - W - Y - Z
ALUR (LUR, ALORO, ALUA, ALULU, LURI, DHO ALUR, JO ALUR) [ALZ] 500,000 in DRC (1991 UBS); 420,000 in Uganda (1993 Johnstone); 920,000 in all countries. Haut-DRC Region: Mahagi Zone and northwest to Djalasiga area. Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic, Western, Luo, Southern, Luo-Acholi, Alur-Acholi, Alur. Christian in DRC. Bible 1936-1955. NT 1933-1979. Bible portions 1921-1985.
AMBA (KWAMBA, KUAMBA, RWAMBA, HAMBA, HAMBO, RUWENZORI KIBIRA, HUMU, KIHUMU) [RWM] 4,500 in DRC (1991 SIL); 16,000 in Uganda (1993 SIL); 20,500 in all countries. Nord-Kivu Region, Uganda border area north of Lake Edward, northern foothills of Ruwenzori. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Huku (D.30). Dialects: KIGUMU (KUAMBA, HAMBA, LUBULEBULE), KIHYANZI, KUSUWA. 70% lexical similarity to Bera, 58% with Bila, 59% with Komo, 58% with Bhele, 57% with Kaiku. Many are bilingual in Talinga-Bwisi.
ASUA (AKA, ASUATI, ASUAE) [ASV] Haut-DRC Region, Rungu Zone, Ituri Forest, among Mangbetu groups Maele, Meje, Aberu, and Popoi. Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, East, Mangbetu. A pygmy group. Hunter-gatherers. Survey needed.
AUSHI (AVAUSHI, VOUAOUSI, USHI, USI, UZHIL) [AUH] In Zambia: 90,204 (1969 census). Haut-Shaba Province to the east of Lumbumbashi. Also in Zambia. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Bemba (M.40). Language of wider communication. Typology: SVO. Survey needed.
AVOKAYA (ABUKEIA, AVUKAYA) [AVU] 25,000 in DRC, including 2,000 Ojila, 10,000 Northern Ogambi (1989 SIL); 15,000 in Sudan (1982 SIL); 40,000 in all countries. Haut-DRC Region, Faradje Zone, close to Sudan border. Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, East, Moru-Madi, Central. Dialects: OJILA, AJIGU (AJUGU), NORTHERN OGAMBI, AVOKAYA PURE. Closely related to Logo. Bible portions 1986. Work in progress.
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BABANGO (MOBANGO) [BBM] Haut-DRC Region, Basoko Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.40), Lusengo. Closely related to Budza which is immediately down river; possibly a dialect. Survey needed.
BAKA (TARA BAAKA, MBAKA) [BDH] 1,300 in DRC; 25,000 in Sudan (1993 UBS). Haut-DRC Region, between Garamba National Park and Sudan border. A few among the Logo. Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Baka. Different from Baka of Cameroon. Refugees in DRC. Bible portions 1990. Work in progress.
BALI (KIBALI, KIBAALI, BAALI, KIBALA, LIBAALI, DHIBALI) [BCP] 42,000 (1987 UBS) to 50,000 (1988 Huddleston PBT). Haut-DRC Region, Tshopo Subregion, Bafwasende Zone, between the Ituri and Tshopo rivers. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Lega-Kalanga (D.20). Dialects: BEMILI, BAKUNDUMU, BAFWANDAKA, BEKENI. 'Kibali' is the official name. Speakers are called 'Babali'. Approximately 50% lexical similarity with Lika, Kango, Pagabete, and Bwa; 40% with Komo, Bhele, and Bira. Dialects are inherently intelligible; Bemili is central linguistically and geographically. DRC Swahili is spoken by (1) all leaders, nearly all young people and men (speak well in certain domains), (2) most women and older men (less fluent), (3) many older women and young children (limited everyday fluency). Lingala is used mainly by those who travel or have been in military service. 5% functional literacy, 15% limited ability. Typology: SVO, prepositions, genitives before nouns; articles, adjectives, numerals, relatives after nouns; question word sentence final; 1-3 prefixes; 1-5 suffixes; word order distinguishes role; affixes mark person, number of subject and object in one noun group; active, passive, reflexive; 2 causatives; aspect; comparatives; 3 tones; stress. Levels of bilingualism in DRC Swahili are 0:10%, 1:15%, 2:30%, 3:30%, 4:10%, 5:5%. Riverine. Swidden agriculturalists. Altitude: 500 meters. Selections 1979-1990. Work in progress.
BALOI (LOI, BOLOI, BAATO BALOI, REBU) [BIZ] Equateur Region, south, west, and east of Bomongo. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.40), Ngiri. Dialects: LOI, DZAMBA (JAMBA), MAKUTU, MAMPOKO. Dialects or closely related languages: Balobo (Likila), Ndobo. Survey needed.
BAMWE [BMG] 20,000 (1983 census). Equateur Region, Sud Ubangi, Kungu Zone in Mwanda Collectivité, upper reaches of Ngiri River between the villages of Limpoko and Sombe, also including villages of Moniongo, Libobi, Likata, Mondongo, Lifunga, Bomole, Lokutu, Botunia; 10 villages. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.40). All village dialects are highly intelligible to each other. Dzando and Ndolo are the most closely related languages. Nearly everyone speaks Lingala except oldest women. Many other women speak only market Lingala. 30% to 50% literate in Lingala. Riverine.
BANDA, MID-SOUTHERN [BJO] 2,000 in DRC (1986 SIL); 100,000 in CAR (1996); 102,000 in all countries. Equateur Region, Bosobolo Zone in a few villages north of Dubulu, and Mobaye Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Mid-Southern. Dialect: YAKPA (YACOUA, YAKPWA, YAKWA, BAYAKA). Closest to Gubu, but speakers have better relations with Mbanza speakers. Many villages in DRC where Yakpa was formerly spoken now speak Mono or Mbanza. All speakers are bilingual in Mono, Mbanza, or Lingala. Survey needed.
BANDA, SOUTH CENTRAL [LNL] 3,000 in DRC; 150,000 in CAR (1996); 153,000 in both countries. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, South Central. Dialect: NGBUGU (NGUBU, NGBOUGOU). Closest to Langbashe. Some men are fluent in Lingala and Sango. Low literacy rate. They may not accept Mono literature. Fishermen. Survey needed.
BANDA, TOGBO-VARA [TOR] 12,000 in DRC (1984 census); 12,000 in CAR (1996); 24,000 in all countries or more. Equateur Region, Nord Ubangi, Bosobolo Zone mainly, around towns of Badja and Baya, between villages of Vongba II and Bandema, on the road as far as Gwara II, and scattered villages in the area. Also in Sudan. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Togbo-Vara. Dialect: TOGBO (TOHGBOH, TAGBO). Different from Tagbu (Tagbo, Tagba) of DRC in Sere group. High bilingualism in Mono, but they view themselves as very distinct from Mono. Many men, especially younger ones, speak Lingala and Sango. Literacy in Lingala is low and not increasing. Survey needed.
BANDA, WEST CENTRAL [BBP] Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, West Central. Dialect: GBI. Survey needed.
BANGALA (NGALA) [BXG] Used by 3,500,000 as second language (1991 UBS). Haut-DRC Region. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.40), Lusengo. Related to Lusengo, Mangala, and Lingala. Trade language. Bible 1953, in press (1995). NT 1928-1977. Bible portions 1916-1932.
BANGBA (ABANGBA) [BBE] 11,000 (1993 SIL). Haut-DRC Region, Kopa Collectivity of the Niangara Zone, and the area around Tora in the Watsa Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Eastern, Mayogo-Bangba. Dialects: KOPA, TORA. Dialects have 90% lexical similarity. Related to Mayogo and Mnd, with approximately 70% lexical similarity with Mayogo, 72% with Mnd. Survey needed.
BANGI (BOBANGI, BUBANGI, LOBOBANGI, REBU, DZAMBA) [BNI] 70,000 in all countries (1990 UBS); 19 in CAR (1988 census). Equateur Region, east of DRC River from Bolobo to Mbandaka. Some also in Congo. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.40). NT 1909-1922, out of print. Bible portions 1892-1928.
BANGUBANGU (KIBANGUBANGU, BANGOBANGO, KIBANGOBANGO) [BNX] 171,000 including 85,000 Bangubangu, 30,000 Midebwe, 20,000 Kasenga, 32,000 Nonda, 4,000 Hombo (1995 SIL). Maniema Region, Kasongo Subregion, Kabambare Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Songye (L.20). Dialects: BANGUBANGU, MIKEBWE, KASENGA, NONDA, HOMBO. Most closely related to Hemba (67% lexical similarity), and Songe (58%). Dialects listed are probably separate languages: Bangubangu has 81% lexical similarity with Mikebwe, 80% with Kasenga, 80% with Nonda, 71% with Hombo. Dialect or closely related language: KiSanzi. Muslim, Christian, traditional religion.
BARAMBU (BARAMBO, AMIANGBA, AMIANGBWA, BALAMBU, ABARAMBO, DUGA) [BRM] 25,570 (1990 census). A few hundred living among the Bangba (1996). Haut-DRC Region, Poko Zone, between the Bomokandi and Uélé rivers. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Zande, Barambo-Pambia. Unconfirmed reports of a 'Pamiaangba' dialect near Dungu in Niangara Zone. Extinct linguistically in Sudan in 1975. Survey needed.
BARI (BERI) [BFA] 286,000 in all countries; 226,000 in Sudan (1978 SIL); 60,000 in Uganda; small minority in DRC. Haut-DRC Region north and northwest of Watsa. Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic, Eastern, Bari. Ethnic Bari in DRC now speak a dialect of Logo. Bible 1979. NT 1954. Bible portions 1927-1964.
BEEKE (BEKE, IBEEKE) [BKF] 1,000 (1994 SIL). Haut-DRC Region, Ituri Subregion, Mambasa Zone, one village in each of the Bandaka and Bombo collectivities. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Lega-Kalanga (D.20). Probably ethnic Bali who moved away from Bali territory, first to 2 villages south of the Ituri River, and in the 1960's to Ndaka and Mbo territory along the main road from Mambasa to Kisangani. They are losing their language. Nearly all are bilingual in Ndaka. 65% lexical similarity with Bali, 46% with Like, 45% with Bila, 40% with Bera, 38% with Ndaka. Survey needed.
BEMBA (CHIBEMBA, ICHIBEMBA, WEMBA, CHIWEMBA) [BEM] 120,000 in Shila (1972 Barrett); 28,600 in Tanzania (1987); 2,000,000 in Zambia (1993); 2,150,000 or more in all countries. Near southeastern border of Shaba Region. Also in Malawi. Possibly in Zimbabwe. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Bemba (M.40). Dialects: LEMBUE, LOMOTUA (LOMOTWA), NGOMA, NWESI, SHILA. Language of wider communication. Shila: traditional religion, Christian. Bible 1956-1983. NT 1916-1934. Bible portions 1904-1948.
BEMBA (KINYABEMBA) [BMY] Southern Kivu Region. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Unclassified. Distinct from Bemba (IchiBemba) in southeastern Shaba Region, Zambia, and Tanzania; or Bembe (IBembe) in Kivu Region, Fizi Zone. Survey needed.
BEMBE (IBEMBE, BEEMBE, EBEMBE) [BMB] 252,000 (1991 UBS). Sud-Kivu Region, Fizi Zone, west of Lake Tanganyika. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bembe (D.50). 79% lexical similarity with Lega-Mwenga, 57% with Lega-Shabunda, 53% with Zimba, 51% with Kwami, 49% with Mituku, 48% with Enya, 43% with Nyanga, 26% with Lengola. Different from Beembe (Bembe) of Congo. Traditional religion, Christian, Muslim. Bible 1991. NT 1979. Bible portions 1936-1966.
BENDI (MABENDI, MABENI) [BCT] 32,000 (1991 SIL). Haut-DRC Region, Djugu Zone, midway between Bunia and Djalasiga. Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, East, Lendu. Also reported to be Mangbutu-Efe. Different from Ngiti (Bindi). Different from Bendi which is a dialect of Banda. Survey needed.
BERA (BERA, KIBIRA, PLAINS BIRA) [BRF] 120,000 (1992 SIL). Haut-DRC Region, Ituri Subregion, Irumu Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Huku (D.30). One dialect, but some variation around Solenyama. 70% lexical similarity with Amba, 59% with Bila, 57% with Komo, 56% with Bhele an Kaiku, 47% with Pagabete, 41% with Kango, 40% with Bwa and Lika, 38% with Bali. Older people do not understand DRC Swahili, but others do. Bible portions 1930. Survey needed.
BHELE (EBHELE, KIPERE, IPERE, PERE, PERI, PIRI, PILI, BILI, KIPILI) [PER] 15,000 (1989 estimate). Nord-Kivu Region, Lubero Zone, west of Butembo. Southern Bhele is in Munjoa. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Huku (D.30). Dialect: BUGOMBE (EBUGOMBE). Different from Peri, which is a dialect of ChiKalanga of Zimbabwe. 79% lexical similarity with Komo, 72% with Bila, 56% with Bera and Pagabete, 44% with Bwa and Kango, 43% with Bali, 42% with Lika. Related to Kaiku and Amba. Names of ethnic groups: Babeka, Baleje, Batike, Babhogombe (Bapakombe, Bugombe, Ebugombe), Babhaidhomba, Babhogala (Bapokara). Speakers use Swahili or KiNandi as second language. Bible portions 1939-1986. Work in progress.
BILA (KIBILA, FOREST BIRA, EBILA, WESTERN BILA) [BIP] 40,000 (1993 SIL). Haut-DRC Region, Ituri Subregion, Irumu Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Huku (D.30). Dialects: BOMBI-NGBANJA, NYAKU. 94% lexical similarity between dialects. Closely related to other 'Bira' languages: 81% lexical similarity with Kaiku, 72% with Bhele, 70% with Komo, 59% with Bera, 58% with Amba, 51% with Pagabete, 43% with Kango, 42% with Bwa, 40% with Lika and Bali. Older people do not understand DRC Swahili, but others do. Traditional religion, Christian, Muslim. Survey needed.
BINJI (BINDJI) [BIN] 64,000 (1971 Welmers). Kasai Occidental Region, Kazumba Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Songye (L.20). NT 1962.
BOGURU (KOGURU, KOGORO) [BQU] Haut-DRC Region, west of Garamba National Park. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Huku (D.30). Dialects: BOGURU, BUKUR (BUKUM, BUKURU), KOGURU. Extinct linguistically in Sudan in 1975. Survey needed.
BOKO (IBOKO) [BKP] Equateur Region, on DRC River, upstream from Mbandaka. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.40). Different from Boko (Woko) of Cameroon, and Boko (Busa) of Benin and Nigeria. Survey needed.
BOLIA (BULIA, BOKOKI) [BLI] 45,000 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Bandundu Region, north of Lake Mai-Ndombe. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.40). Closely related to, or possibly a dialect of Ntomba. Bible portions 1936. Survey needed.
BOLOKI (BALOKI, BULUKI, BOLEKI, RIVER RUKI) [BKT] Equateur Region, both sides of the DRC River, upstream from Mbandaka. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.40), Lusengo. The language is being replaced by Lingala. Bible portions 1895-1904. Survey needed.
BOLONDO [BZM] 3,000 (1983 census). Equateur Region, Sud Ubangi, Budjala Zone on the Saw River south of Budjala, around the village of Bamba. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.40). Most closely related to Motembo. Lingala is used widely in the main market towns among 'Water People', but hardly at all in the other villages, where comprehension is fair. Many villagers also speak Ngbandi. Riverine. Survey needed.
BOMA (BUMA, KIBOMA, BOMA KASAI) [BOH] 8,000 (1971 Welmers). Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Yanzi (B.80). Survey needed.
BOMASSA (BOMASA, BAMASSA) [BME] Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Baka-Gundi. Reported to be a pygmy group. Survey needed.
BOMBOLI (BOMBONGO) [BML] 2,500 (1986 SIL). Equateur Region, Sud Ubangi, Kungu Zone, Dongo Collectivité, north of Bomongo on one of the canals flowing into the Ngiri River, between the villages of Bokondo and Bodjinga. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.40). Closest to Bozaba and Lobala. Use of Lobala is receptive only. They consider themselves ethnically distinct from the Lobala. Three dialects. They may accept Lobala literature. Bilingual in Lingala. Riverine. Survey needed.
BOMBOMA (BOBA) [BWS] 23,000 (1983 census) including 1,279 in Lingonda (1983 census). Equateur Region, Sud Ubangi, Kungu Zone, Bomboma Collectivité on the southern Roa Dongo between the villages of Bomboma and Bokonzi, and including the villages of Lingonda, Ebuku, Makengo, Ndzubele, Motuba: 7 villages. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.40). Dialects: LIKAW, LINGONDA, EBUKU, BOKONZI. Lingala is widely spoken by nearly everyone. The Likaw in Budjala Zone, southwest of Budjala, are reported to be ethnically one with Bomboma and to have good intercomprehension. Ebuku and Lingonda have 93% lexical similarity with Bomboma. Riverine (Lingonda).
BORNA (EBORNA) [BXX] Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Unclassified. May not exist (J. Ellington UBS 1982) or may be same as Boma. Survey needed.
BOZABA (BUZABA, BUDZABA) [BZO] 5,500 (1983 census). Equateur Region, Sud Ubangi, Kungu Zone, Mwanda Collectivité, on the islands and canals northwest of the confluence of the Ngiri and Mwanda rivers. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.40). Most closely related to Bomboli, then Bomboma and Lobala. Bilingual in Lingala but largely only for market use. Riverine. Survey needed.
BUDU (EBUDU, KIBUDU, BODO) [BUU] 180,000 or more (1991 SIL). Haut-DRC Region, Wamba Zone, 8 collectivities. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Huku (D.30). Dialects: INETA (TIMONIKO), WADIMBISA (ISOMBI), MAKODA, WEST BAFWANGADA (BAFANIO), EAST BAFWANGADA, BAFWAKOYI, MALAMBA, MAHAA. The first four dialects listed are on the Ibambi side of the Nepoko River; the last four on the Wamba side. The Ibambi group and the Wamba group consider themselves to be one people and language: 92% lexical similarity. 57% lexical similarity with Ndaka; 78% with Mbo, 74% with Nyali and Vanuma, 28% with Komo. They are in both Swahili and Bangala-speaking areas; mainly Swahili. People are fairly bilingual. Traditional religion, Christian. Work in progress.
BUDZA (EBUJA, BUJA, BUDJA, MBUDJA, EMBUDJA, LIMBUDZA) [BJA] 226,000 (1985 census). Equateur Region, Mongala, Bumba and parts of Bongandanga zones. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.40), Lusengo. Dialects: MBILA, MONZAMBOLI, BOSAMBI, YALIAMBI. Lingala is the lingua franca, spoken by all ages and sexes. Some young people only speak Lingala. High literacy in Lingala.
BURAKA (BOURAKA, BORAKA) [BKG] Few in DRC (1986); 1,763 in CAR (1988 census). Equateur Region, scattered groups along the Ubangi River, north and northeast of Bosobolo. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Gbanzili. Survey needed.
BUSHOONG (BUSHONG, BUSOONG, BUSHONGO, SHONGO, MBALE, BAMONGO, MONGO, KUBA, GANGA) [BUF] 50,000 to 100,000 (1977 W. Washburn PR). Kasai Occidental Region, Mweka and northern Ilebo Zones. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bushong (C.90). Dialects: DJEMBE, NGENDE, NGOMBE (NGOMBIA), NGONGO, PIANGA (PANGA, TSOBWA, SHOBWA, SHOBA). Traditional religion, Christian. Bible 1927.
BUYA (IBUYA) [BYY] Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Unclassified. Survey needed.
BUYU (BUYI, KIBUYU, BUJWE) [BYI] On Lake Tanganyika, on the border between Sud-Kivu and Shaba regions. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bembe (D.50). Survey needed.
BWA (BOA, BUA, BOUA, LIBUA, LIBWALI, LIBENGE, KIBUA, KIBWA) [BWW] 200,000 (1994 SIL). Haut-DRC Region, Buta, Bambesa, Banalia, Aketi, and Bondo zones. Buta is considered the center. Most people in Buta and Bambesa zones speak similar dialects. Kiba is in Banalia Zone, Benge and Bati in Aketi and Bondo zones. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngombe (C.50). Dialects: LEBOA-LE, YEWU, KIBA, BENGE, BATI (BAATI). The first 3 dialects listed have 90% lexical similarity to Benge and Bati. 80% to 85% lexical similarity with Pagabete, 60% to 80% with Kango, 60% to 65% with Ngelima, 55% to 60% with Lika, 47% with Komo, 44% with Bhele, 43% with Bali, 42% with Bila, 40% with Bera, 7% with Ngombe, 35% with Budza. Clan names: Bangingita, Bagunzulu, Bokipa. Different from Bua of Chad. The Ngombe group is sometimes called Bantu C.40. Typology: Some noun classes have suffixes in addition to the usual prefixes. Bible portions 1938.
BWELA (BUELA, LINGI) [BWL] Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngombe (C.50). Survey needed.
BWILE [BWC] In Zambia: 12,362 (1969 census). Haut-Shaba Province, north of Aushi in Pweto region at the north end of Lake Mweru. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Bwile (L.10). Not closely related to other languages. Survey needed.
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CHOKWE (COKWE, CIOKWE, TSHOKWE, TSCHIOKWE, SHIOKO, DJOK) [CJK] 504,000 in DRC (1990 UBS); 500,000 in Angola and Zambia (1990 UBS); 1,004,000 in all countries. Close to Angola border in southeastern Bandundu, Kasai Occidental, and Shaba regions. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Chokwe-Luchazi (K.20). Bible 1970-1990. NT 1927-1958. Bible portions 1916-1964.
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DENGESE (NDENGESE, ILEO) [DEZ] 4,000 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Kasai Occidental Region, Dekese Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bushong (C.90). Survey needed.
DING (DI, DIN, DZING) [DIZ] Bandundu Region, Idofa Zone, on the Kasai River. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Yanzi (B.80). Close to, but separate from Yans. Survey needed.
DONGO (DONGA) [DOO] 5,000 (1971 Welmers). Haut-DRC Region, east of Watsa. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Mba. Different from Dongo which is a dialect of Kresh of Sudan, Dong (Donga) of Nigeria which is in the Chamba group of Adamawa, and Ndo which is Nilo-Saharan. Survey needed.
DZANDO [DZN] 6,000 (1983 census). Equateur Region, Sud Ubangi, Kungu Zone, Mwanda Collectivité, between the Ngiri and Mwanda rivers in the swamp lands in the villages of Lokay, Molunga, Maboko, and Moliba. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.40). Dialects: LOKAY, MOLUNGA, MABOKO, MOLIBA. Comprehension of Lifunga dialect of Bamwe is very high; 86% lexical similarity. Nearly everyone speaks Lingala except the oldest women. Other women speak only market Lingala. Riverine.
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EFE [EFE] 20,000 (1991 SIL). Haut-DRC Region, Mambasa, Watsa, Irumu, and Djugu Zones. Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, East, Mangbutu-Efe. A pygmy group. Related to Lese. They live among the BaLese, and trade with them. A separate language from Mamvu. Forest, savannah. Hunter-gatherers: honey, meat. Traditional religion. Survey needed.
ENYA (TSHEENYA, ENA, GENYA) [GEY] 7,000 (1977 J. Carrington BAP). On Lualaba River from Kisangani upriver to Kongolo, Haut-DRC, Ubundu Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Enya (D.10). 80% lexical similarity with Mituku, 57% with Zimba, 56% with Nyanga, 55% with Kwami, 54% with Lega-Shabunda, 48% with Lega-Mwenga and Bembe, 43% with Lengola. Fishermen. Survey needed.
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FOMA (LIFOMA, FUMA) [FOM] Haut-DRC Region, on north side of DRC River upstream from Basoko. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Kele (C.60). Also called 'Pseudo-Bambole'. Survey needed.
FRENCH [FRN] 72,000,000 in all countries (1995 WA). Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Romance. Official language. Official language. Bible 1530-1986. NT 1474-1980. Bible portions 1483-1987.
FULIIRU (FULIRU, KIFULIRU, FULERO, KIFULERO) [FLR] 275,000 (1991 SIL). Sud-Kivu Region, Uvira Zone, north and northwest of Uvira. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Shi-Havu (J.50). 70% lexical similarity with Mashi, 90% with KiNyindu and Joba (KiVira). Bible portions 1959-1991. Work in progress.
FURU (BAGERO, BAGIRO, BAGUERO, BAGUIRO) [FUU] 12,000 in DRC (1984 census); 4,000 in Central African Republic (1996); 16,000 in all countries. Equateur Region, Nord Ubangi, east of Bosobolo in Bosobolo and Mobaye zones. Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Kara. Most are bilingual in Lingala, Sango, Mono, or Gbanziri. Lingala comprehension is limited. Survey needed.
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GBANZIRI (GBANZILI, BANZIRI, GBANDERE) [GBG] 3,000 in DRC (1986 SIL); 14,500 in CAR (1996); 17,500 in all countries. Equateur Region, Nord Ubangi, Bosobolo Zone, a few villages along Ubangi River. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Gbanzili. Survey needed.
GBATI-RI (GBOTE) [GTI] Haut-DRC Region, between Isiro and Watsa, north of Mungbere. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Konzo (J.40). Part of a dialect cluster with Nyanga-li and Mayeka. Survey needed.
GILIMA [GIX] 12,000 (1984 census). Equateur Region, Sud Ubangi, in the north of the Libenge Zone in 3 groups: Bogon in the north, Mbanza-Balakpa in the southeast, and Bandi in the southwest. It may also be in Central African Republic. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Bwaka. Very low bilingualism in Lingala. Gilima has recently taken over from Mbanza, Ngbaka, and Ma'bo in the Libenge Zone north of Zongo. Older people speak Mbanza or Ngbaka. Low literacy rate. Closely related to Ngbaka Ma'bo.
GUBU (GOBU, NGOBO, NGOBU, GABOU, GABU) [GOX] 12,000 in DRC (1984 census). Equateur Region, Nord Ubangi, Bosobolo Zone, in two areas, north of Bili between Duguru and Borunu on the Sidi road, and also in a wide area around Pandu between the villages of Denbili and Bele II. Also in Central African Republic. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Mid-Southern. High bilingualism in Mono. Ethnic attitudes may hinder use of Mono literature. Most younger men are bilingual in Lingala or Sango. A low literacy rate in Lingala. Closest to Togbo and Mono. Survey needed.
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HAMBA [HBA] Kasai Oriental Region, Lodja Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Lega-Kalanga (D.20). Different from Hamba which is a dialect of EkiHaya of Tanzania and Uganda. Survey needed.
HAVU (KIHAVU, HAAVU) [HAV] Sud-Kivu Region, Kalehe Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Shi-Havu (J.50). Shi has about 70% lexical similarity with Havu. Havu learn Shi, but not vice versa. Survey needed.
HEMA (HEMA-SUD, SOUTHERN HEMA, DRC NYORO, NYORO, RUNYORO) [NIX] 160,000 in all countries, nearly all in DRC (1996 SIL). Haut-DRC Region, Ituri Sub Region, Irumu Zone, around Geti. A few in Rwanda and Uganda. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Nyoro-Ganda (J.10). Dialect: TORO (ORUTORO, TOORO). Toro dialect in DRC is quite different from Nyoro of Uganda. Toro has 78% lexical similarity with Nyoro. Hema-Sud is distinct from Hema-Nord (see Lendu). Entirely different from Hima in the Haya-Jita subgroup, or the Hima dialect of Nyankore in Uganda. Survey needed.
HEMBA (KIHEMBA, EMBA, KIEMBA, LUBA-HEMBA, EASTERN LUBA) [HEM] 85,000 (1976). Shaba Region, eastern Kongolo Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Luba (L.30). 67% lexical similarity with Bangubangu, 64% with Songe.
HIMA (UROHIMA) [HIM] 4,000 in all countries (1971 Welmers). Nord-Kivu Region. Also in Rwanda and Burundi. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Haya-Jita (J.20). Dialects: ORUHEMA (HEMA), ORUHIMA (HIMA), ORUHUMA (HUMA), KIHEMA. Survey needed.
HOLOHOLO (KIHOLOHOLO, HOROHORO, GUHA, KALANGA, KIKALANGA) [HOO] 15,500 in all countries (1987). Shaba Region, area northwest of Kalemie. Also Tanzania. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Lega-Kalanga (D.20). KiKaranga may be separate. Different from Holu (Kiholo, Holo). Bible portions 1948.
HOLU (KIHOLU, HOLO, KIHOLO) [HOL] 12,000 in all countries (1971 Welmers). Extreme southwest corner of Bandundu Region. Primarily Angola. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Holu (K.10). Closely related to Samba. Different from Holoholo. Yeci is a related dialect or language. Bible portions 1943-1956.
HUNDE (KIHUNDE, KOBI, RUKOBI) [HKE] 200,000 (1980 UBS). Nord-Kivu Region, Masisi and Rutshuru zones. Apparently none in Uganda. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Shi-Havu (J.50). Traditional religion, Christian. NT 1987. Bible portions 1930-1935.
HUNGANA (HUNGANNA, HUANA, KIHUNGANA, HUNGAAN) [HUM] Small. Bandundu Region, Bulungu Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Hungana (H.40). Typology: SVO. Bible portions 1920-1935. Survey needed.
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JOBA (KIJOBA, VIRA, KIVIRA) [JOB] 10,000 (1989 SIL). Sud-Kivu Region, Uvira Zone, north and northwest of Uvira. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Shi-Havu (J.50). Speakers are highly bilingual in KiFuliiru. May be the same as Zyoba of Tanzania and DRC. Survey needed.
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KABWARI [KCW] Sud-Kivu or Shaba regions. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Shi-Havu (J.50). Survey needed.
KAIKU (IKAIKU) [KKQ] Haut-DRC Region, Ituri Subregion, Mambasa Zone, Babombi Collectivity. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Huku (D.30). Closest to Bila and Bhele. The people are considered to be Bila. Survey needed.
KAKWA (BARI KAKWA) [KEO] 20,000 in DRC; 40,000 in Sudan (1978); 86,472 in Uganda (1991 census); 146,500 in all countries. Haut-DRC Region, Aru Zone, north of Aru, and Faradje Zone. Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic, Eastern, Bari. Christian in DRC. Bible 1983. NT 1974. Bible portions 1930-1967.
KALIKO (KALIKO-MA'DI, KELIKO, MA'DI, MADITI) [KBO] 7,500 in DRC (1989 SIL); 7,000 in Sudan (1978 SIL); 14,500 in all countries. Haut-DRC Region, northern Aru Zone, along the Sudan border. Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, East, Moru-Madi, Central. Dialects: DIDI, DOGO. The two dialects in DRC are inherently intelligible. Dogo dialect is more like Sudanese Kaliko. Work in progress.
KANGO (LIKANGO) [KTY] Haut-DRC Region, Bas-Ul Subregion, along the banks of the Ul River and its tributaries. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngombe (C.50). Dialect: BOMOKANDI. Said to be a pidginized language. It may be a cover term for a variety of dialects spoken by fishermen, called 'Bakango'. One dialect has 70% to 75% lexical similarity with Pagabete, 66% with Ngelima, 75% to 80% with Bwa, 60% with Lika. Bomokandi has 60% to 65% with Bwa and Pagabete, 68% with Lika, 58% with Ngelima. Both dialects have 50% with Bali and Komo. Different from Dikango, a pygmy language spoken among the Bali. The Ngombe group is sometimes called Bantu C.40 rather than C.50. Survey needed.
KANU (LIKANU, KAANU, KANO) [KHX] 3,500 (1971 Welmers). Nord-Kivu Region, Walikale Zone, Kabunga area. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Lega-Kalanga (D.20). Probably a dialect of Lega-Shabunda. Survey needed.
KANYOK (KANYOKA, KANIOKA) [KNY] 200,000 (1991 UBS). Kasai Oriental Region, Mwene-Ditu Zone, between the Bushimaie and Luembe rivers. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Luba (L.30). NT in press (1995). Bible portions 1979-1991. Work in progress.
KAONDE (CHIKAONDE, KAWONDE, CHIKAHONDE) [KQN] 36,000 in DRC (1995 estimate); 240,000 in Zambia (1993 Johnstone); 276,000 in all countries. Shaba Region, eastern part of Kolwezi Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Kaonde (L.40). Bible 1975. NT 1938-1962. Bible portions 1923-1962.
KARI (KARE, LI-KARI-LI) [KBJ] 1,000. Scattered groups in northwestern Haut-DRC Region, north of Uele River. Only scattered speakers in Central African Republic (1996). Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Huku (D.30). Survey needed.
KELA (OKELA, IKELA, LEMBA) [KEL] 180,000 (1972 Barrett). Kasai Oriental Region, Lomela Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Tetela (C.80). Traditional religion, Christian. Bible portions 1940. Survey needed.
KELE (LOKELE, EKELE, KILI, LIKELO, YAKUSU) [KHY] 160,000 (1980 UBS) including 7,000 Yalikoka (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Haut-DRC Region, Isangi Zone, on Lomami and DRC rivers. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Kele (C.60). Distinct from Kele (Dikele) of Gabon. Ethnic groups: Lileko, Mbooso, Yalikoka, Yaokandja, Yawemba. Trade language. Christian, traditional religion. NT 1918-1958. Bible portions 1903-1936.
KETE (LUKETE, KIKETE) [KCV] Kasai Occidental Region, northeast of Mweka. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Songye (L.20). Survey needed.
KITUBA (KIKONGO-KUTUBA, KIKONGO SIMPLIFIÉ, KIKONGO YA LETA, KILETA) [KTU] 4,200,000 (1990 UBS); 5,000,000 including second language speakers (1989 Mufwene). Bas-DRC and southern Bandundu regions. Creole, Kongo based. Dialects: IKELEVE, WESTERN KITUBA, EASTERN KITUBA. Means of communication among various language groups. A creole based on the KiKongo dialect spoken in Manianga area (Bas-DRC), but unintelligible with it and other Kikongo dialects. Influenced by Lingala, French, restructured Swahili, Portuguese, and other local dialects. Munukutuba of Congo is closely related. Bible 1990. NT 1950-1973. Bible portions 1934-1968.
KOMO (KIKOMO, KIKUMU, KIKUUMU, KIKUMO, KUUMU, KUMU, KUMO) [KMW] 150,000 or more (1981 SIL). Maniema Region, and into Haut-DRC and Nord-Kivu regions, as far as Walikale, Opienge, and Punia. Lubuta is the center. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Huku (D.30). 78% lexical similarity with Bhele, 72% with Bila, 58% with Bera, 52% with Pagabete, 47% with Kango, 44% with Lika, 43% with Bali, 42% with Bwa. Related to Kwamba. Speakers are fairly bilingual in Swahili in Maniema and Nord-Kivu, or in Bangala around Kisangani. Work in progress.
KONGO (KIKONGO, CONGO) [KON] 1,000,000 in DRC (1986 UBS); 1,144,000 in Angola (1990); 3,217,000 in all countries (1991 UBS). Bas-DRC Region. Cataract dialect in lower Congo region and around Mbanza Manteke, Fioti north of Boma and scattered communities along the Congo River from Brazzaville to its mouth. Also in Congo. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Kongo (H.10). Dialects: SOUTH CONGO, CENTRAL KONGO, WEST KONGO (FIOTE, FIOTI), BWENDE (BUENDE), LAADI, EAST KONGO, SOUTHEAST KONGO, NZAMBA (DZAMBA). Fioti and San Salvador are distinct enough to need separate literature. Fioti is also spoken by the Buende and Vili peoples. National language. Typology: SVO (for Dzamba). Christian. Bible 1905-1933. NT 1891-1993. Bible portions 1885-1931.
KONGO, SAN SALVADOR (KIKONGO, CONGO, KISIKONGO, KIKOONGO) [KWY] 1,500,000 in all countries (1989 UBS). Along the Congo River below Kinshasa in DRC and northern Angola. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Kongo (H.10). Bible 1916-1926. NT 1893-1995. Bible portions 1888-1925.
KPAGUA [KUW] (3,000 to 4,000 in CAR; 1996). Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Mid-Southern. Closest to Ngundu. Survey needed.
KPALA (KWALA, KPWAALA, GBAKPWA) [KPL] 3,000 (1986 SIL). Equateur Region, small groups in Libenge and Bosobolo zones. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Monzombo. Different from Kpala which is a dialect of Kresh of Sudan. Closely related to Monzombo. Active language use. Bilingual in Lingala. Survey needed.
KUSU (KIKUSU, KUTSU, LOKUTSU, KONGOLA, FULUKA) [KSV] 26,000 (1971 Welmers). Southwestern corner of Maniema Region, Kibombo Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Tetela (C.80). Survey needed.
KWAMI (KIKWAMI, KIKWAME, KWAME) [KTF] Small. Maniema and Nord-Kivu regions, between Kasese and Walikale. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Lega-Kalanga (D.20). 65% lexical similarity with Nyanga and Lega-Shabunda, 56% with Mituku, 55% with Enya and Zimba, 51% with Bembe, 48% with Lega-Mwenga, 36% with Lengola. More influence from Lega than from Komo. Difficult access. Survey needed.
KWESE (PINDI, KIKWESE, UKWESE) [KWS] 60,000. Eastern Bandundu Region, west of Kikwit. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Holu (K.10). Bible portions 1929. Survey needed.
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LALA-BISA [LEB] (439,000 in Zambia; 1993 Johnstone). Extreme southeast corner of Shaba Region. Primarily in Zambia. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Bisa-Lamba (M.50), Bisa. Dialects: AMBO (BAMBO, KAMBONSENGA), LUANO, SWAKA, WULIMA, LALA (ICHILALA), BISA (ICHIBISA, WIZA). NT 1947-1977. Bible portions 1909-1995.
LALIA [LAL] 55,000 or more (1993 estimate). Southeast corner of Equateur Region, Ikela Zone, Collectivites of Tumbenga, Lokina, Lofume, Tshwapa, and Loile. Yalosaka is the center. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Mongo (C.70). Distinct from Mongo. Mongo and Lingala are used in church. Young people continue to use Lalia. Survey needed.
LAMBA (ICHILAMBA, CHILAMBA) [LAB] (211,000 in Zambia; 1993 Johnstone). Southeast corner of Shaba Region. Primarily in Zambia. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Bisa-Lamba (M.50), Lamba. Bible 1959. NT 1921-1938. Bible portions 1914-1950.
LANGBASHE (LANGBASHI, LANGBASE, LANGBASI, LANGWASI, LANGBWASSE) [LNA] 3,000 in DRC (1984 census); 40,000 in CAR (1996); 43,000 in both countries. Equateur Region, Nord Ubangi, Bosobolo Zone, along the Ubangi River, villages of Sidi, Bada, Zimango, Banga, Boduna, and a few other villages elsewhere in the zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, South Central. May be intelligible with South Central Banda. Survey needed.
LEGA-MWENGA (SHILE, KILEGA, REGA, KIREGA, LEKA-SHILE, LEKA-SILE, ISHILE, ILEKA ISHILE) [LGM] 35,000 to 40,000 or more (1994 ACM). Sud-Kivu Region, Mwenga Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Lega-Kalanga (D.20). Dialects: IYOKO, IBANDA, ISOPO, LUSENGE, BILEMBO-MANGO, MIZULO. 96% to 88% lexical similarity among dialects, 84% to 76% with Bembe, 81% to 67% with Ileka-Igonzabale, 50% with Zimba, 49% with Mituku, 48% with Enya and Kwami, 40% with Nyanga, 30% with Lengola. Speakers say Ileka-Igonzabale and Bembe are difficult to understand. Speakers use DRC Swahili as second language. It is the language of instruction in school. There are about 20 dialects. Work in progress.
LEGA-SHABUNDA (KILEGA, REGA, KIREGA, LEGA-SHABUNDA, ILEKA-IGONZABALE, LEKA-IGONZABALE, IGONZABALE) [LEA] 400,000 (1982 UBS). Sud-Kivu and Maniema regions, Shabunda, and Pangi zones. The first 5 dialects are in Shabunda Zone, Kinyamunsange is in Pangi Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Lega-Kalanga (D.20). Dialects: KIGALA, KIGYOMA, LILIGA, KISEDE, KINYABANGA, KINYAMUNSANGE (PANGI). 67% lexical similarity with Lega-Mwenga, 65% with Kwami, 57% with Bembe, 54% with Mituku and Enya, 51% with Zimba, 45% with Nyanga, 32% with Lengola. Kanu is probably a dialect. Traditional religion, Christian. NT 1957. Bible portions 1934-1942. Work in progress.
LELE (USILELE, BASHILELE) [LEL] 26,000 (1971 Welmers). Western edge of Kasai Occidental Region, Ilebo and Tshikapa zones, and extreme east of Bandundu Region, Idiofa and Gungu zones. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bushong (C.90). Different from Lele of Central African Republic and Chad. Intelligible with Wongo. Survey needed.
LENDU (BBADHA, BBALEDHA, KILENDU, BALETHA, BATHA, BALENDRU, BALE, HEMA-NORD, KIHEMA-NORD) [LED] 750,000 in DRC (1996 C. Kutsch Lojenga SIL); 8,600 in Uganda (1991 census); 760,000 in all countries. Haut-DRC Region, Ituri Subregion, Djugu Zone, west and northwest of Lake Mobutu (Lake Albert). Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, East, Lendu. Dialects: DJADHA, TADHA, PIDHA, DDRALO, NJAWLO, GEGERE. Spoken as mother tongue by people from 4 ethnic backgrounds: Lendu, Hema-North, Alur, and Okebu. The dialects are inherently intelligible to each others' speakers. Djadha is the largest dialect and the one used for literature. Gegere is spoken by the ethnic Hema. Christian. NT 1936-1989. Bible portions 1926-1985.
LENGOLA (KILENGOLA, LENGORA) [LEJ] Haut-DRC Region, Ubundu Zone, Maniema Region, Lubutu and Punzia zones, both sides of the Lualaba River. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Enya (D.10). 43% lexical similarity with Enya, 37% with Mituku, 36% with Kwami, 32% with Lega-Shabunda, 30% with Lega-Mwenga and Zimba, 26% with Bembe, 24% with Nyanga. Difficult access. Riverine. Agriculturalists. Survey needed.
LESE (LESA, LESSE, LISSI, WALISI, WALESE, BALESE, MBUTI) [LES] 50,000 (1991 SIL). Haut-DRC Region, Watsa, Djugu, Irumu, and Mambasa zones. Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, East, Mangbutu-Efe. Dialects: LESE KARO, ARUMBI (UPSTREAM LESE), NDESE (LESE DESE), VUKUTU (VONKUTU, OBI), FARE. Closely related to Mamvu, Bendi, Mangbutu, and Efe. DRC Swahili (Kingwana) and Bangala are the lingua francas, but their use is somewhat limited, especially among the women. Agriculturalists. Traditional religion, Christian. Work in progress.
LIBINZA (LIBINJA) [LIZ] 10,000 (1986 SIL). Equateur Region, Sud Ubangi and Equateur subregions, in Kungu and northern Bomongo zones, on the Ngiri and Mwanda rivers, from the villages of Monia and Boniange southwards, on islands as far as Bomongo. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.40), Ngiri. Dialects: MONIA, BONIANGE, KUTU. There are other dialects besides those listed. Dialects or closely related languages: Balobo (Likila), Ndobo. Distinct from the Libinja dialect of Ngombe. Survey needed.
LIGENZA (GENDJA, DIGENJA, GENDZA-BALI) [LGZ] 43,000 (1986 SIL). Equateur Region, Bumba Zone, 3 or 4 small areas. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngombe (C.50). Dialects: BOKOY, ELOWA, BENZA, BOLUPI. High bilingualism and literacy in Lingala for all speakers.
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LIKA (KILIKA, TORIKO, KPONGO, MABITI) [LIK] 60,000, including 57,000 in Wamba Zone, 3,000 in Rungu Zone (1989 SIL). Haut-DRC Region, Haut-Uele Subregion, Wamba Zone, Balika-Toriko Collectivity. Some in Rungu Zone, Mongomasi Collectivity. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Lega-Kalanga (D.20). Dialects: LIKÓ (IKÓ), LILIKÓ (LIKÓ), LILIKÁ (LIKÁ). 65% to 70% lexical similarity with Kango, 55% to 60% with Pagabete and Bwa, 52% with Bali, 46% with Komo, 42% with Bhele, 40% with Bila and Bera, 30% with Budu. Ethnic groups: Mabiti and Maliko. Swahili is used as second language in southern Wamba Zone, and Bangala in Rungu Zone and some Meje. 2 secondary schools, 15 primary schools, but Lika is not used in the schools. Forest. Agriculturalists: coffee, manioc, peanuts, bananas, palm oil, rice, papaya, pineapple, sugar cane, sweet potatoes, yams, eggplant; chickens; fishermen. Christian, Muslim. Work in progress.
LIKILA (BANGELA, BALOBO) [LIE] Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.40), Ngiri. Dialect or closely related language to Libinza or Baloi. Survey needed.
LINGALA (NGALA) [LIN] Including second language speakers: 8,400,000 in DRC (1979 Muyunga); 9,100 in Central African Republic (1996). Widely used in Bandundu, Equateur, and Haut-DRC regions, except the southeast of Haut-DRC. Also in Congo. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.40), Lusengo. Degree of effective understanding and use varies with location, age, rural versus urban and commercial centers, ethnically mixed areas, formal education. Close to Lusengo, Bangala, and Mangala. 33% lexical similarity with Bobangi; 4% to 5% with KiKongo, Swahili, and French. National language. Typology: SVO. Braille Scripture in progress. Bible 1970. NT 1942-1992. Bible portions 1908-1968.
LOBALA [LOQ] 40,000 in DRC (1983 census). Equateur Region, Sud Ubangi and Equateur subregions, Kungu and Bomongo zones, on the road northeast of Dongo as far as the village of Mokusi, long the road from Dongo south along the Ubangi River, and forest south and west of the road. A few also in Congo. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.40). Dialects: POKO, SOUTH LOBALA, TANDA, LIKOKA. Bilingual in Lingala. 65% lexical similarity with Lingala. Closest to Bomboma and Libinza in DRC. Work in progress.
LOGO (LOGOTI) [LOG] 210,000 (1989 SIL) including 100,000 Ogambi. Haut-DRC Region, Faradje Zone and north of Watsa in Watsa Zone (Bari-Logo dialect). None in Sudan (1988). Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, East, Moru-Madi, Central. Dialects: LOLYA, BARI (BARI-LOGO, BARITI), OBILEBHA (OBELEBHA, OBILEBA), OGAMBI (OGAMARU, NORTHERN LOGO), BHAGIRA, DOKA. A dialect cluster, with Lolya as central. Closely related to Avokaya. The Northern Ogambi dialect (10,000) may be closer to Avokaya. Christian in DRC. Bible portions 1924-1927. Work in progress.
LOMBI (LUMBI, ROMBI, RUMLI, ODYALOMBITO) [LMI] 12,000 (1993 SIL). Haut-DRC Region, Tshopo Subregion, Bafwasende Zone, Barumi and Bekeni collectivities. Opienge, Banguruye, and Bangolu are centers. Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, East, Mangbetu. Closely related to Mangbetu, but not as close as Mangbetu dialects are to each other. Different than Lombi dialect of Basa of Cameroon. Survey needed.
LOMBO (OLOMBO, ULUMBU, TURUMBU) [LOO] 10,000 (1971 Welmers). Haut-DRC Region, both sides of DRC River in Isangi area. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Kele (C.60). Reported to readily understand Kele. Survey needed.
LONZO [LNZ] Small. Bandundu Region, Kenge Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Yaka (H.30). Survey needed.
LUBA-KASAI (LUBA-LULUA, TSHILUBA, WESTERN LUBA, LUVA) [LUB] 6,300,000 (1991 UBS). Used throughout Kasai Occidental and Kasai Oriental regions. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Luba (L.30). Literacy rate 60% among Christians. Significant dialect differences between East Kasai Region (Baluba people) and West Kasai Region (Bena Lulua people). Hemba is a closely related language. National language. Christian; over 1/3. Bible 1927-in press (1995). NT 1920-1982. Bible portions 1913-1962.
LUBA-SHABA (LUBA-KATANGA, KILUBA) [LUH] 1,505,000 (1991 UBS). Shaba Region, Haut-Lomami Subregion. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Luba (L.30). Bible 1951. NT 1923-1980. Bible portions 1921-1948.
LUGBARA (HIGH LUGBARA) [LUG] 288,000 in DRC (1993 Johnstone); 200,000 in Uganda (1983); 488,000 in all countries. Haut-DRC Region, Aru Zone, 6 collectivites. Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, East, Moru-Madi, Central. Dialects: ZAKI, ABEDJU-AZAKI, LU, ALURU, NIO, OTSHO. Aluru is reported to be influenced by Ndo; Nio and Otsho are similar to Uganda Lugbara. Christian in DRC. Bible 1966. NT 1936-1978. Bible portions 1922-1964.
LUNA (INKONGO, KUBA, NORTHERN LUBA) [LUJ] 50,000. Kasai Oriental Region, Lusambo Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Songye (L.20). Bible 1927-1932, out of print. NT 1911-1930. Bible portions 1905-1927.
LUNDA (CHILUNDA) [LVN] 310,000 or more in all countries; 220,000 in Zambia (1993 Johnstone); 90,000 in Angola (1993 Johnstone). Southern and southwestern Shaba Region, Lualaba and Haut-Shaba zones; extreme south of Bandundu Region, Kahemba Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Salampasu-Ndembo (K.30). Dialects: LUNDA NDEMBU, LUNDA KALUNDA, LUNDA KAMBOVE. Ruund is a closely related language. Bible 1962. NT 1918-1929. Bible portions 1914-1946. Work in progress.
LUSENGO (LOSENGO) [LUS] Primarily on the DRC River in Equateur Region, Mankanza, Lisala, and Bumba zones. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.40), Lusengo. Dialects: KANGANA, ILIKU (ELEKO, LEKO, ELEKU, LOLEKO, LEKU), LIMPESA, LIPOTO (UPOTO, KELE, INGUNDJI), BUMWANGI, BUSU DJANGA, EMPESA POKO, ESUMBU, KUNDA, KUMBA, LUSENGO POTO, MONGALA POTO, NGUNDI, MONGO. Bible portions 1898-1920. Survey needed.
LWALU [LWA] 21,000 (1971 Welmers). Kasai Occidental Region, Luiza Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Luba (L.30). Survey needed.
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MA (AMADI, MADI, MADYO) [MSJ] 4,700 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Haut-DRC Region, north of Niangara, close to Kapili River. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Mba. Closest to Dongo. Survey needed.
MABAALE (LOMABAALE, MABALE, MBALI) [MMZ] Equateur Region, Ngiri River area. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.40). Dialects: BEMBE, LIPANJA, BANZA, MBINGA, LOBO (BALOBO). Survey needed.
MAMVU (TENGO) [MDI] 60,000 (1991 SIL). Haut-DRC Region, west and southwest of Watsa in Watsa Zone. Possibly some in Uganda. Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, East, Mangbutu-Efe. Dialects: AMENGI, MAMVU (MOMVU, MOMFU). They call their language 'Tengo'. A separate language from Efe. Bible portions 1931. Survey needed.
MANGBELE (MAJUU) [MKQ] Haut-DRC Region, scattered in Rungu, Niangara, Wamba, and Watsa zones. Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, East, Mangbetu. Related to Mangbetu, but reported to be a distinct language. Some call it a Bantu language. They appear to be an ethnic group which has adopted the language of the people they live among. Some speak Mangbetu and others Mayogo. Possibly extinct in view of the best information available. Survey needed.
MANGBETU (NEMANGBETU, MANGBETTU, MAMBETTO, AMANGBETU, KINGBETU) [MDJ] 650,000 in all countries (1985 UBS); 30,700 in Uganda. Haut-DRC Region, Rungu, Niangara, Poko, Watsa, Wamba and northeast corner of Banalia zones. The Popoi group is in Bandia Zone, and the Aberu group is in Wamba Zone. Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, East, Mangbetu. Dialects: MEJE (MEDJE), MANGBETU, MAKERE, MALELE, POPOI. Perhaps 50% know Bangala, another 10% know a limited amount. Popoi and Aberu are in Swahili-speaking areas. Names of ethnic groups: Mangbetu, Mabisanga (clan name), Medje, Makere, Aberu, Popoi, Malele. The Medje dialect is reported to have the most speakers, and is understood by all. Mangbetu is the most influential. Lombi, Asua, and Mangbele are related separate languages. Selections 1988-1991. Work in progress.
MANGBUTU (MOMBUTTU, WAMBUTU, MANGU-NGUTU) [MDK] 15,000 including 1,200 Andinai (1991 SIL). Haut-DRC Region, south of the Kibali River and east of the Moto River in Watsa Zone. Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, East, Mangbutu-Efe. Dialects: ANDINAI, MAKUTANA, ANGWE (ANDALI). The Andinai are separated from the other Mangbutu by the Lese. The Andali are a clan speaking the Angwe dialect. Savannah. Christian. Survey needed.
MAYEKA [MYC] Vicinity of Congo, Central African Republic, DRC borders. Not in Central African Republic. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Konzo (J.40). Part of the same dialect cluster as Nyanga-li, Gbati-ri. Survey needed.
MAYOGO (MAIGO, MAIKO, MAYKO, KIYOGO, MAJUGU, MAYUGO) [MDM] 100,000 (1991 McCord SIL). Haut-DRC Region, Isiro area. Most are in the Rungu and Wamba zones. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Eastern, Mayogo-Bangba. Dialects: MANGBELE-MAYOGO, MABOZO, DIMADOKO, MAGBAI. Closely related to Bangba. Ethnic groups: Bakango, Dai (Day, Angai), Maambi. Lingala or Bangala are used as lingua francas, but the Mangele-Mayogo use Swahili. Speakers use Mayogo when in the village or city. Christian, traditional religion. Work in progress.
MBA (KIMANGA, MANGA, KIMBANGA) [MFC] 14,000 to 20,000 (1977 UFM). Haut-DRC Region, Banalia Territory, Banjwade area. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Mba. Language use is vigorous. Children have difficulty with DRC Swahili; perhaps 45% are in school. Typology: SVO, SOV.
MBALA (GIMBALA, RUMBALA) [MDP] 200,000 (1972 Nida). Bandundu Region, Bagata and Bulungu zones, between Kwango and Kwilu rivers. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Mbala (K.60). Speakers are fairly bilingual in Kituba. Bible portions 1931-1968. Survey needed.
MBANZA (MBANDZA, MBANJA, MBANDJA) [ZMZ] 200,000 in all countries (1982 M. Hill); 1,400 in Central African Republic (1996). Equateur Region, various areas in Sud Ubangi, Nord Ubangi, and western Mongala subregions, to west, southwest, and east of Ngbaka language. A few in Congo. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Southern. Dialects: KALA, GBADO. Closely related to Mbanja, but distinct. Lingala is the lingua franca; in some areas up to 60% speak it and 40% understand it in varying degrees. Bible portions 1986. Work in progress.
MBESA (MOMBESA, MOBESA) [ZMS] Haut-DRC Region, northern Yahuma Zone, south of DRC River. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Kele (C.60). Survey needed.
MBO (KIMBO, IMBO) [ZMW] 11,000 (1994 SIL). Haut-DRC Region, Ituri Subregion, Mambasa Zone, Bombo Collectivity. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Huku (D.30). One dialect. 87% lexical similarity with Ndaka, 78% with Budu, 77% with Vanuma, 76% with Nyali. Speakers of those languages and Mbo agree that their languages are closer to each other than to other border Bantu languages. Different from Mbo of Cameroon, which is Bantu A.10. Traditional religion, Muslim. Survey needed.
MBOLE (LOMBOLE) [MDQ] 100,000 (1971 Welmers). Haut-DRC Region, southwest of Kisangani. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Enya (D.10). Dialects: KEEMBO, NKIMBE (NKEMBE), YANGONDA, YAISU, INJA, BOTUNGA, YAAMBA, YAIKOLE. Closely related to Mituku. Apparently different from the Mbole dialect of Ombo.
MFINU (EMFINU, FUNIKA, MFUNUNGA) [ZMF] Bandundu Region. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Yanzi (B.80). Dialects: NTSIAM, NTSWAR. Survey needed.
MITUKU (KINYA-MITUKU, METOKO) [ZMQ] Haut-DRC Region, Ubundu Zone, west of Lualaba River. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Enya (D.10). 80% lexical similarity with Enya, 56% with Kwami, 54% with Lega-Shabunda, 51% with Nyanga, 49% with Lega-Mwenga, Bembe, and Zimba, 37% with Lengola. Closely related to Mbole.
MOINGI [MWZ] Haut-DRC Region, Yahuma Zone, south of DRC River, opposite the town of Basoko. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern,
Unclassified. Survey needed.
MONGO-NKUNDU (MONGO, LOMONGO) [MOM] 400,000 or more (1995 estimate); 4,860,000 (1993 Johnstone) or 17% of population (1976 WA) in the Mongo group of languages in DRC. Southern half of Equateur Region and northeastern part of Bandundu Region. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Mongo (C.70). Dialects: MPAMA, WANGATA, PANGA (IPANGA, TITU, BULI, SOUTH NKUNDO), BUKALA (KALA), YALIMA (YAJIMA), KUTU (BAKUTU), EKONDA MONGO (LOMONGO), LONGO (BOLONGO), NKUNDO (NKUNDU, LONKUNDU, LONKUNDO, LOLO), NTOMBA-INONGO, NTOMBA-BIKORO, KONDA, LONGOMBE. Cluster of dialects or languages: Lalia, Mongo-Nkundu, Ngando, Ombo. The Longombe dialect is spoken along the road between Boende and Wema, is closest to the Bakutu dialect, and is distinct from the Lingombe language. Ntomba-Inongo, Ntomba-Bikoro, and Konda may be separate languages. In Mbandaka, speakers called their dialect 'Lonkundo'. Lingala is increasing in use. Bible 1930. NT 1908-1967. Bible portions 1893-1967.
MONO (AMONO) [MNH] 65,000 (1984 census). Equateur Region, Nord Ubangi, Bosobolo Zone and some in Libenge Zone. Bili is the center. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Mid-Southern. Dialects: BILI, BUBANDA, GALABA, KAGA, MPAKA. Closest linguistically to Togbo and Gobu, but quite different ethnically from Togbo. Lingala is widely understood by men and most young people, but poorly understood by women. Sango is understood by many. Low literacy in Lingala; less than 10% among women. Work in progress.
MONZOMBO (MONJOMBO, MONDJEMBO, MONZUMBO) [MOJ] 5,000 in DRC (1986 SIL); 1,600 in CAR (1996); 6,000 in Congo (1993 Johnstone); 13,000 in all countries (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Equateur Region, on east bank of Ubangi River south of Libenge. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Monzombo. Bilingual in Lingala. Fishermen. Survey needed.
MPUONO [ZMP] 165,000 (1972 Nida). Bandundu Region, Idiofa Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Yanzi (B.80). Dialects: MPUONO, MPUUN (MBUUN, KIMBUUN, MBUNDA, GIMBUNDA). Closely related to Yans. Distinct from Mbunda of DRC and Angola in Chokwe-Luchazi group. Bible portions 1935-1951. Survey needed.
MÜNDÜ (MUNDO, MOUNTOU, MONDO) [MUH] 2,800 in DRC; 23,000 in Sudan; 25,800 in all countries (1982 SIL). Haut-DRC Region, north and northeast of Faradje. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Eastern, Mundu. Bangala is the lingua franca, but people have difficulty understanding it. Closest to Mayogo and Bangba. Bible portions 1984-1988. Work in progress.
MVUBA (MBUBA, MVUBA, BAMBUBA, BAMVUBA, MVUBA-A, OBIYE) [MXH] 5,000 in all countries (1981 Hurlburt). Nord-Kivu Region, Beni Zone, around Oicha. Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, East, Mangbutu-Efe. Closely related to Lese. Survey needed.
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NANDI (KINANDI, KINANDE, NANDE, NORTHERN NANDE, NDANDE, ORUNDANDE) [NNB] 903,000 (1991 UBS). Nord-Kivu Region, mainly in Beni and Lubero zones. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Konzo (J.40). Dialects: NANDI, KUMBULE (EKIKUMBULE), MATE (EKIMATE), TANGI (EKITANGI), SANZA (EKISANZA), SHU (EKISHU), EKISONGOORA (SONGOLA, NYANGALA), SWAGA (EKISWAGA, EKIKIRA), YIRA (EKIYIRA). Different from Nandi dialect of Kalenjin of Kenya. Christian. Bible 1980-1996. NT 1962. Bible portions 1952-1962.
NDAKA (NDAAKA, INDAAKA) [NDK] 25,000 (1994 SIL). Haut-DRC Region, Ituri Subegion, Mambasa Zone, Bandaka Collectivity. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Huku (D.30). Only one dialect. 87% lexical similarity with Mbo, 85% with Budu, 76% with Vanuma, 73% with Nyali: speakers of these languages and Ndaka agree that their languages are closer to each other than to other border Bantu languages. Traditional religion. Survey needed.
NDO (KE'BU, OKE'BU, KEBUTU, NDU) [NDP] 300,000 in all countries (1991 UBS). Haut-DRC Region, Mahagi and Aru zones, south of the Lowa River, west and northwest of Djalasiga, a pocket of Okebu on the border with Uganda, and in Uganda. Primarily in DRC. Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, East, Mangbutu-Efe. Dialects: AVARI (AVARE, AVERE, AVIRITU), OKE'BU, MEMBI (MEMBITU, MEEMBI, MOMBI, NDO). Language use is vigorous. In some areas Bangala is the lingua franca, in others Swahili. Blacksmiths. Christian in DRC. NT in press (1994). Bible portions 1964.
NDOBO (NDOOBO) [NDW] Equateur Region, between Bomongo and the DRC River. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.40), Ngiri. It may be a dialect of Baloi or Libinza. Survey needed.
NDOLO (NDOOLO, MOSANGE, TANDO) [NDL] 8,000 (1983 census). Equateur Region, Sud Ubangi, Budjala Zone, Ndolo-Liboko Collectivité, on the Moeko River, south of Budjala between Ndama and Bokala villages, and in Tando and Lisombo villages. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.40), Lusengo. Bilingual in Lingala. Might not accept Bamwe literature. Riverine. Survey needed.
NDUNGA (MONDUNGA, MONDUGU, BONDONGA, MODUNGA) [NDT] 2,500 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Equateur Region, 8 villages in Lisala Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Mba. Close to Mba (Kimanga). Survey needed.
NGANDO (NGANDU, LONGANDU) [NXD] 220,000 or more (1995 estimate). Equateur Region, Maringa River area, north of Ikela. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Mongo (C.70). Related to Lalia. Not related to Ngando of Central African Republic. NT 1941. Bible portions 1920-1929.
NGBAKA (NGBAKA MINANGENDE, NGBAKA GBAYA) [NGA] 750,000 in DRC (1983 census); 3,000 in Central African Republic (1996); 2,000 to 3,000 in Congo (1987); 755,000 in all countries; 1,330,000 including second language speakers (1991 UBS). Equateur Region, Gemena Zone and surrounding area. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, East. Ngbaka is a different language from Gbaya or Ngbaka Ma'bo. Language use is vigorous; spoken by all ages. Many do not speak Lingala. Dialect differences are minor. Bible 1995. NT 1983. Bible portions 1936-1989.
NGBAKA MA'BO (NGBAKA LIMBA, MBAKA, MBACCA, BWAKA, BOUAKA, NBWAKA, GBAKA, GWAKA, MBWAKA, MA'BO) [NBM] 11,000 in DRC (1984 census); 88,000 in CAR (1996); 150,000 in all countries (1972 Nida). Equateur Region, Libenge Zone, and Zongo Subregion, on the road north and south of Zongo, and in a belt just north of Libenge. Also in Congo. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Bwaka. Most people are bilingual in Lingala. Close to Gilima. Bible portions 1936-1937. Survey needed.
NGBANDI (NGBWANDI, NGWANDI, MONGWANDI, NABANDI, BAZA) [NGB] 210,000 in all countries (1989 UBS); 294 in CAR (1988 census). Equateur Region, Budjala, Businga, Mobaye, and Yakoma zones, extending into Haut-DRC Region, Bondo Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Ngbandi. Sango is derived from this. Ethnic groups: Abasango, Bwato, Mbaati, Nzomboy (Monjomboli). Speakers are fairly bilingual in Lingala, but use of Ngbandi is vigorous. Two dialects, about equal in size. NT 1988. Bible portions 1935-1959.
NGBEE (LINGBEE, LINGBE) [NBL] 30,000 (1971 Welmers). Eastern DRC. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Huku (D.30). Survey needed.
NGBINDA (BUNGBINDA, BANGBINDA) [NBD] Few speakers. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Huku (D.30). Extinct linguistically in Sudan by 1975. Survey needed.
NGBUNDU [NUU] 16,000 (1984 census). Equateur Region, Sud Ubangi, Libenge Zone. Northern group is north of Libenge from the Boyabo crossroads east to Budu and north to Oro. Southern group is south of Libenge, mixed with Mbanza and other language groups. Not in Central African Republic. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Southwestern. Bilingual in Lingala. Use of Mono, Mbanza, or Ngbaka is receptive only. Survey needed.
NGELIMA (BANGELIMA, BANGALEMA, ANGBA, LEANGBA) [AGH] Haut-DRC Region, Banalia and Basoli zones. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngombe (C.50). Dialects: BEO, BURU (BORO, LEBORO), TUNGU, HANGA. May be more than one language. Closely related to Ngombe and Bwa. The Ngombe group is sometimes called Bantu C.40. Survey needed.
NGIRI (NGUILI, NGWILI, LOI-NGIRI) [NGR] 6,000 (1977 SIL). Equateur Region, southern part of Bomongo Zone, between Ubangi River and DRC River. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.40), Ngiri. Dialects: NUNU, MANGANJI, NGIRI. Dialect or closely related language: Balobo (Likila). Traditional religion, Christian. Survey needed.
NGITI (KINGITI, NGETI, KINGETI, LENDU-SUD, NDRUNA, DRUNA, BINDI) [NIY] 100,000 (1991 SIL). Haut-DRC Region, south of Bunia. Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, East, Lendu. Distinct from Bendi.
NGOMBE (LINGOMBE) [NGC] 150,000 (1971 Welmers). Equateur Region, extensive area along both sides of DRC River, primarily in Mongala Subregion and in adjacent parts of Ubangi and Equateur subregions. Binja is in Haut-DRC Region, Aketi Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngombe (C.50). Dialects: BINJA (BINZA, LIBINDJA, LIBINJA), WIINDZA-BAALI, BEO, TUNGU, BATI (BAATI, BENGE), BURU (BORO, LEBORO), DOKO, YEWA (NAPAGI-BETINI). Dialects or closely related languages: Bwela (Lingi), Bati (Benge), Ngelima (Angba), Beo, Tungu, Buru, Doko, Yewa (Napagi-Betini). Different from Ngombe in CAR. NT 1915-1956. Bible portions 1903-1940.
NGONGO [NOQ] Bandundu Region. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Yaka (H.30). Speakers are quite bilingual in Kituba.
NGUL (NGOLI, INGUL, NGULI, NGULU) [NLO] Western Bandundu Region along the Kasai River north of Idiofa. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Mbere (B.60). Survey needed.
NGUNDU [NUE] Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Banda, Central, Central Core, Mid-Southern. Closest to Kpagua. Survey needed.
NKUTU (NKUCHU, NKUTSHU, BANKUTU) [NKW] 40,000 (1972 Nida). Maniema Region, Kibombo Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Tetela (C.80). Dialects: ELEMBE, HAMBA, LOKALO (KALO), KONGOLA-MENO, NGONGO, SAKA (LOSAKA). Descendants of the ancient Mongo empire. Traditional religion. Bible portions 1937-1940. Survey needed.
NTOMBA (LONTOMBA, NTUMBA, LUNTUMBA, NTOMBA-BOLIA) [NTO] 100,000 (1980 UBS). Bandundu Region, northeast of Lake Tumba. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.40). Dialects: IMONA, MPONGO, NKOLE, NTOMBA, SAKANYI, SOKO, SAW. Dialects or closely related languages: Saw, Bolia (Bokoki). Bible portions 1916-1947. Work in progress.
NYALI (LINYALI, NYARI, HUKU, NYALI-KILO, NORTH NYALI) [NLJ] 43,000 (1993 SIL). Haut-DRC Region, Ituri Subregion, Djugu Zone, Kilo Collectivity. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Huku (D.30). Only one dialect, since 'Nyali-South' is actually Vanuma. 85% lexical similarity with Vanuma, 76% with Mbo, 73% with Ndaka and Budu. Speakers of these languages and Nyali agree with Bryan that their languages are closer to each other than to other border Bantu languages. The name 'Huku' is reported to be a Hema term used for anyone who is not a Hema. Survey needed.
NYANGA (KINYANGA) [NYA] 25,000 (1971 Welmers). Nord-Kivu Region, Walikale Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Nyanga (D.40). 65% lexical similarity with Kwami, 56% with Enya, 51% with Mituku, 45% with Lega-Shabunda, 43% with Bembe, 41% with Zimba, 40% with Lega-Mwenga, 24% with Lengola. Different from Nyanga-li.
NYANGA-LI (LINYANGA-LE) [NYC] Haut-DRC Region, Watsa Zone, southwest of Watsa. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Konzo (J.40). Part of the same dialect cluster as Gbati-ri, Mayeka. Distinct from Nyanga. Survey needed.
NYINDU [NYG] Sud-Kivu Region, west of Lake Kivu. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Shi-Havu (J.50). Many Nyindu speakers consider themselves to be Lega-Mwenda, but Lega and Shi speakers consider them to be Shi. Their speech is reported to be a mixture of Lega-Mwenga and Shi. Survey needed.
NZAKARA (ANSAKARA, N'SAKARA, SAKARA, ZAKARA) [NZK] (50,000 in CAR; 1996). Haut-DRC Region, northwestern part of Bondo Zone, on the border with Central African Republic. Primarily in Central African Republic. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Zande, Zande-Nzakara. Survey needed.
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OMBO (LOOMBO, HOMBO, SONGOLA) [OML] Maniema Region, northwest of Kindu. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Mongo (C.70). Dialect: MBULI (MBOLE). Jongo and Langa may be dialects. Mbole is apparently distinct from Mbole in the Enya group. Survey needed.
OMI (KALIKO-OMI) [OMI] 39,500 (1989 SIL). Haut-DRC Region, Aru Zone, between the Nzoro and Lowa rivers along the Aru to Aba road. Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, East, Moru-Madi, Central. An important language. Closely related to Kaliko, but not close enough to Kaliko or Ma'di to use literature in those languages. Previously considered to be a Kaliko dialect. Work in progress.
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PAGABETE (APAKABETI, APAKIBETI, APAGIBETE, APAGIBETI) [PAG] 25,000 (1985 SIL); about 6,000 Momveda, 4,500 Mongbapele. Equateur Region, Businga, Yakoma, and Bumba zones. Mongbapele is along the road south of Businga. Momveda is in the area around Ngakpo on the north side of the Dua River, across from Gumba, and in Butu, Yakoma Zone. Ndundusana is to the south of Butu and at Ndundu-Sana in the northern Bumba Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngombe (C.50). Dialects: MOMVEDA, MONGBAPELE, NDUNDUSANA (GEZON, EGEZON, EGEZO, EGEJO). Momveda and Mongbapele are similar, and have 90% lexical similarity with Ndundusana. Momveda and Mongbapele have 85% lexical similarity with Bwa, Ndundusana has 85%. They have 60% to 65% with Ngelima, 45% with Komo, 43% with Bali, 35% to 40% with Ngombe and Budza, 30% with Lingala, 71% with Kango, 60% with Lika, 56% with Bhele, 51% with Bila, 47% with Bera. Vigorous language use. Most are partially bilingual in Lingala, some in Ngbandi. Work in progress.
PAMBIA (APAMBIA) [PAM] 21,000 (1982 SIL). Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Zande, Barambo-Pambia. None in Sudan or CAR. Survey needed.
PELENDE [PPP] Bandundu Region, Kenge Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Yaka (H.30). Similar to Lonzo, Ngongo. Survey needed.
PHENDE (KIPENDE, GIPHENDE, PENDE, GIPENDE, PINDI, PINJI) [PEM] 420,000 (1991 UBS). Bandundu Region, Idiofa and Gungu zones, south of the Kasai River. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Holu (K.10). Kituba is the lingua franca. Traditional religion. Bible in press (1995). NT 1935-1977. Bible portions 1926-1962.
POKE (TOPOKE, TOFOKE, TOVOKE, PUKI) [POF] 46,000 (1971 Welmers). Haut-DRC Region, Isangi Zone, south of DRC River downstream from Kisangani. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Kele (C.60). Dialects: BALUOMBILA, LIKOLO, LIUTWA, LOMBOOKI. May be able to use Lokele literature. Also called 'Pseudo-Lokele'. Christian, traditional religion. Bible portions 1923. Survey needed.
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RUUND (URUUND, NORTHERN LUNDA, LUUNDA, CHILUWUNDA, MUATIAMVUA, LUWUNDA, LUNDA-KAMBORO, LUNDA KAMBOVE) [RND] 238,000 in all countries (1991 UBS). Shaba and Lunda Regions. Also in Angola. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Salampasu-Ndembo (K.30). NT 1933-1963. Bible portions 1914-1956.
RWANDA (KINYARWANDA, RUANDA) [RUA] 250,000 possibly in DRC (UBS); 8,436,000 in Rwanda (1993); 532,692 in Uganda; 88,000 in Tanzania (1987); 9,306,800 in all countries. Nord-Kivu Region, Rwanda border area between Lakes Edward and Kivu and extending westward. Also in Burundi. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Rwanda-Rundi (J.60). Dialects: BWISHA (KINYABWISHA), MULENGE (KINYAMULENGE), TWA. Dialects in DRC may need separate literature. Twa: traditional religion, Christian. Bible 1954-1993. NT 1931-1989. Bible portions 1914-1986.
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SAKATA (KISAKATA, SAKA, LESA, ODUAL) [SAT] 75,000 (1982 UBS). Bandundu Region, Kutu, Mushie and Inongo zones, Lukenie River and Semendua area. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.40). Dialects: SAKATA, DJIA (KIDJIA, DIA, DJA), BAI (KIBAI). A cluster of dialects. Children use the language. Lingala is the lingua franca. Descendants of the ancient Mongo empire. Bible portions 1932-1951.
SALAMPASU (CHISALAMPASU) [SLX] 60,000 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Southeastern part of Kasai Occidental Region, east of Luiza. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Salampasu-Ndembo (K.30). Dialect: LUNTU. Bible portions 1938. Survey needed.
SAMBA (TSAMBA, USAMBA, TSAAM, SHANKADI) [SMX] Bandundu Region, northern part of Kasongo-Lunda Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, K, Holu (K.10). Closely related to Holu. Survey needed.
SANGA (KISANGA, SOUTHERN LUBA, LUBA-SANGA, LUBA-GARENGANZE) [SNG] 431,000 (1991 UBS). Shaba Region, north of Likasi, widely dispersed in Lubudi, Mitwaba, and Pweto zones. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Luba (L.30). Braille Bible portions. Bible 1928-1994. NT 1904-1988. Bible portions 1903-1985.
SANGO (SANGHO) [SAJ] Only a few in DRC; 4,900,000 in all countries including second language speakers (1995 UBS). Extreme northern border of Equateur Region (Oubangui River). Also Central African Republic (95%), Chad, Cameroon. Creole, Ngbandi based. A rapidly spreading language derived from Ngbandi with loans from Bantu languages and French. Trade language. Bible 1966. NT 1935-1993. Bible portions 1927-1993.
SEBA (SEWA, SHISHI, KUNDA) [KDG] Shaba Region, Kasenga Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Bisa-Lamba (M.50), Bisa. Distinct from Kunda dialect of Lusengo, the Kunda of Zimbabwe and Mozambique in the Senga-Sena group, the Kunda dialect of Nyanja, and the Konda dialect or language in Mongo group. Survey needed.
SENGELE (KESENGELE, SENGERE) [SZG] Bandundu Region, west of Lake Mai-Ndombe. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.40). Bible portions 1915-1917. Survey needed.
SERE (SHERE, SHERI, CHERE, SERRE, SHAIRE, SIRI, SILI, BASIRI, BASILI) [SWF] 2,500 in DRC; 28 in CAR (1988 census); 2,500 in all countries. Groups live among the Zande in Haut-DRC Region, northeast of Ango. No speakers in Sudan. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Sere, Sere-Bviri, Ndogo-Sere. Closest to Ndogo and Tagbu. Slight dialect differences in DRC and CAR. Survey needed.
SHI (MASHI) [SHR] 654,000 (1991 UBS). Sud-Kivu Region, north, west, and south of Bukavu. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Shi-Havu (J.50). Dialects: LINDJA, HWINDJA (LWINDJA), ZIBA, LONGE-LONGE. Related to Havu and Tembo. Different from Mashi of Zambia. Bible in press (1996). NT 1961-1977. Bible portions 1953-1958.
SO (HESO, ESO, SOKO, SOA) [SOC] 6,000 (1971 Welmers). Haut-DRC Region, north of Basoko. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Kele (C.60). Distinct from So of Cameroon. Turumba and Gesogo may be names for So. NT 1920, out of print. Bible portions 1909-1915.
SONDE (KISONDE, SOONDE, KISOONDE) [SHC] Southeastern Bandundu Region, Feshi Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Yaka (H.30). 'Kilua' may be a name of the language. Survey needed.
SONGA (KISONGA) [SGO] Southern Kivu Region. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Unclassified. Survey needed.
SONGE (SONGYE, KISONGYE, LUSONGE, KALEBWE, NORTHEAST LUBA, YEMBE, KISONGE, LUBA-SONGI) [SOP] 1,000,000 (1991 WA) including 150,000 in Western Kalebwe (1982 UBS). Kasai Oriental Region, between Sankuru and Lualaba rivers, mainly in Kabinda Zone and eastward into Kongolo and Kabolo zones of Shaba Region. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, L, Songye (L.20). Dialects: WESTERN KALEBWE (ESAMBI KIPYA, SONGE), EASTERN KALEBWE (KILOMBENO KIBYA, IKALEBWE), MBAGANI. Dialect or closely related language: Mbagani. NT 1952-1978. Bible portions 1920-1981.
SONGO (KISONGO, ITSONG) [SOO] Bandundu Region, Bulungu Zone. Possibly also Angola. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, Unclassified. Possibly same as Nsongo (Songo) of Angola. Survey needed.
SONGOMENO [SOE] 50,000 (1972 Barrett). Kasai Occidental Region, Dekese Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bushong (C.90). Traditional religion, Christian. Survey needed.
SONGOORA (SONGOLA, KESONGOLA, BINJA) [SOD] 1,300 (1971 Welmers). Maniema Region, Punia, Kindu, and Shabunda zones. Gengele is in Kindu Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Lega-Kalanga (D.20). Dialects: GENGELE (KEGENGELE), NORTH BINJA, SOUTH BINJA. North and South Binja may be separate languages. Apparently different from the Songoora (Edi Songoora) dialect of Nandi. Gengele is reported to be a creole based on Lega-Shabunda, Kusu, and other languages (Mwangati W.B. 1991). Survey needed.
SUKU (KISUKU) [SUB] 50,000 (1980 UBS). Southern Bandundu Region, west of Feshi, in areas of Moanza and Mwela. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Yaka (H.30). Language use is vigorous. Kituba is the lingua franca but its use seems limited. Bible portions 1973.
SWAHILI, DRC (NGWANA, KINGWANA, CONGO SWAHILI) [SWC] Second language for 9,100,000 (1991 UBS). Throughout the Shaba, Nord-Kivu, Sud-Kivu, and Maniema regions and the southeastern part of the Haut-DRC Region. There are other varieties of Swahili in East Africa. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, G, Swahili (G.40). Dialects: ITURI, LUALABA. Kingwana is a pidgin Swahili. There are several regional dialects, with that of eastern Kivu being closest to Swahili of Kenya and Tanzania. National language. Bible 1960. NT 1929-1992. Bible portions 1921-1955.
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TAABWA (RUNGU, ICHITAABWA, TABWA) [TAP] 250,000 in DRC (1972 Barrett). Shaba Region, on Lake Tanganyika, south of Moba. Also in Zambia. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, M, Bemba (M.40). Dialect: SHILA. Traditional religion, Christian, Muslim.
TAGBU (TAGBO, TAGBA) [TBM] Widely scattered. None in Sudan or CAR. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Sere, Sere-Bviri, Ndogo-Sere. Closest to Sere and Ndogo. Distinct from Togbo (Tagbo) of DRC in Banda group. Survey needed.
TALINGA-BWISI (KITALINGA, BWISSI, MAWISSI, LUBWISSI, LUBWISI, OLUBWISI) [TLJ] 20,000 to 30,000 in DRC (1993 WHM); 53,467 in Uganda (1991 census); 75,000 to 85,000 in all countries. Nord-Kivu Region, Beni Zone, Butalinga, within the boundaries of the Virunga National Park, up to the Uganda border. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Haya-Jita (J.20). DRC Swahili is the lingua franca in the area. Different from Bwisi of Congo and Gabon. The name 'Talinga' is used in DRC and 'Bwisi' in Uganda.
TEKE, CENTRAL (KITEKE) [TEC] 35,000 or more in all countries (1988 SIL). Bandundu Region, Mushie Zone. Most in Congo. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Teke (B.70). Dialects: KWE, NJINJU (NJYUNJYU, NDZIKOU, NDZINDZIJU, NZIKU, NZINZIHU), WUO, BOMA (BOO, EBOO, EBOOM, BOMA MBALI, BAMBOMA). Work in progress.
TEKE, EASTERN (KITEKE, IBALI) [TEK] 71,000 in all countries. Kwamouth, Masia, Kinshasa, near Banbana on road to Kenga. Upstream from Kinshasa to Kwa (Kasai) River and inland to Fatunda area. Also in Congo. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Teke (B.70). Dialects: MOSIENO, NGEE (ESINGEE), BALI (AMBALI, TEO, TIO, TYO). 65% to 85% literacy rate. Lingala or Kituba are trade languages. Fairly bilingual. Bible portions 1889-1905. Survey needed.
TEMBO (KITEMBO, CHITEMBO, NYABUNGU) [TBT] 150,000 (1994 SIL). Sud-Kivu and Nord-Kivu regions, almost all in Kalehe Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, J, Shi-Havu (J.50). Dialects: TEMBO (KITEMBO), RHINYIHINYI. No major dialect differences. Related to Havu, Hunde, Shi, and Fuliiru (all around 60% lexical similarity). Different from LiTembo in the Ngombe group, Tembo (Tambo) in the Nyika-Safwa group, and Tembo in the Yaka group. Bible portions 1977. Work in progress.
TEMBO (MOTEMBO, LITEMBO) [TMV] 5,000 (1986 SIL). Equateur Region, Sud Ubangi and Equateur subregions, Budjala and Bomongo zones, villages or Libanza, Bokele, and Bosanga on the Banga-Melo River, at 1 or 2 villages on the Mongala River southwest of Akula, and Sumba Island. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Ngombe (C.50). Speakers are bilingual in Lingala. There may be wide dialect variations. Riverine. Survey needed.
TETELA (OTETELA, SUNGU) [TEL] 750,000 (1991 UBS). Northern Kasai Oriental Region. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Tetela (C.80). Christian, traditional religion, Muslim. Bible 1966. NT 1938-1993. Bible portions 1919-1986.
TIENE (KITIENE, KITIINI, TENDE) [TII] 24,500 or more (1977 SIL). Bandundu Region, Bolobo area on DRC River and inland savannah and forest. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Yanzi (B.80). Lingala is the lingua franca, but its use is limited.
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VANUMA (BVANUMA, LIVANUMA, BAMBUTUKU) [VAU] 6,700 (1993 SIL). Haut-DRC Region, Ituri Subregion, Irumu Zone, Tchabi Collectivity. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Bira-Huku (D.30). 85% lexical similarity with Nyali, 77% with Mbo, 76% with Ndaka, 74% with Budu. Survey needed.
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WONGO (GONGO, NDJEMBE, TUKKONGO, TUKONGO, BAKONG) [WON] 2,000 to 8,000 (1971 Welmers). Kasai Occidental Region, Ilebo and Tshikapa Zones. Bandundu Region, Guagu and Idiofa Zones, in area of Lubue River. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bushong (C.90). Intelligible with Lele. Bible portions 1938-1940.
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YAKA (KIYAKA, IAKA, IYAKA) [YAF] 150,000 to 200,000 in all countries (1977 SIL). Bandundu Region, Popokabaka and Kasongo Lunda zones. Also in Angola. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Yaka (H.30). Dialect: NGOONGO. Kituba is the lingua franca. Bible portions 1938-1957.
YAKOMA [YKY] (100,000 in CAR; 1996). Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Ngbandi. Probably intelligible with Ngbandi. Survey needed.
YAMONGERI (YAMONGIRI) [YMG] Equateur Region, south of the DRC River. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Bangi-Ntomba (C.40). Dialect or closely related language to Buja. Survey needed.
YANGO (GBENDERE) [YNG] 3,000 (1986 SIL). Equateur Region, Kungu and Libenge zones, around Esobe River and in village of Gbendere. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Monzombo. Closely related to Monzombo. It may be the same as Bayanga. Lingala is widely spoken; also Ngbandi and Mbanza.
YANS (YANZI, IYANZI, KIYANZI, YANSI, YANCHI) [YNS] Bandundu Region, Bulungu Zone, Loange River area. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, B, Yanzi (B.80). Dialect: YEEI (YEY). Related to Ding, Mbuun. Survey needed.
YELA (BOYELA, KUTU) [YEL] 33,000 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Equateur Region, mainly in Bokungu Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Northwest, C, Tetela (C.80). Survey needed.
YOMBE (KIYOMBE, KIOMBI, BAYOMBE) [YOM] Western Bas-DRC Region. Also in Angola and Congo. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, H, Kongo (H.10). Dialects: MBALA (MUMBALA), VUNGUNYA (KIVUNGUNYA, YOMBE CLASSIQUE). Distinct enough from Kongo-Fioti to need separate literature. Christian, traditional religion. Work in progress.
YULU (YOULOU) [YUL] 7,000 or more in all countries; 4,000 in CAR (1996); 3,000 in Sudan (1987 SIL). Binga are in DRC and Sudan; Yulu are in Sudan and Central African Republic. Nilo-Saharan, Central Sudanic, West, Bongo-Bagirmi, Kara. Dialects: BINGA, YULU. Many in Sudan are bilingual in Kresh or Arabic. Aja is not a dialect of Yulu, but of Kresh (R. Brown SIL). Survey needed.
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ZANDE (PAZANDE, ZANDI, AZANDE, SANDE, ASANDE, BADJANDE, BAZENDA) [ZAN] 730,000 in DRC; 350,000 in Sudan; 62,000 in Central African Republic (1996); 1,142,000 in all countries. Far north of Haut-DRC Region, Bas-Uele Subregion. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, Ubangi, Zande, Zande-Nzakara. Typology: SVO, VSO. Traditional religion, Christian. Bible 1978. NT 1938-1952. Bible portions 1918-1952.
ZIMBA [ZMB] 50,000 (1971 Welmers). Maniema Region, Kasongo Zone. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Lega-Kalanga (D.20). 57% lexical similarity with Enya, 55% with Kwami, 53% with Bembe, 51% with Lega-Shabunda, 50% with Lega-Mwenga, 49% with Mituku, 41% with Nyanga, 30% with Lengola. Traditional religion, Christian.
ZYOBA (ZOBA) [ZYO] Mainly in Tanzania. Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Bantoid, Southern, Narrow Bantu, Central, D, Lega-Kalanga (D.20). Dialects: VIRA, MASANZE. May be the same as Joba.
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